Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than was expected.
The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also styles of art as well as a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. In 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 , movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and built from single large stones are common in the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful state but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era the development paradigm of the country is in flux. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights key factors that seem to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
One instance of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to school children and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments of music.
Korea's new model of development is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and migrants from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.